#3: Impossible (pretty sure), I've tried making all sorts of things hull-dependent and they've always failed.
#4: Don't know... but its a neat idea.
#5: Don't know.
I agree with your priorities, I'll be interested to see what you come up with. I'm kinda leaning towards a simpler system of rock/paper/scissors.
Capital goes after Escorts, then Assault, then Capital
Escort goes after Assault, then Capital, then Escort
Assault goes after Capital, then Escorts, then Assault
Interceptor goes after Support
Guardians go after Interceptors
Support sits back.
So, if a fleet is just a mishmash of different types, it performs averagely against all comers. Nothing is a guaranteed "tanking/take damage ship" and nothing is a "protected, uparm it ship" per-se, but each could be utilized in such a way, against the right opponent combination of ships.
The idea needs work though, and I really wish it could be as you've envisaged, where hull type enabled roles, and roles bequeath certain advantages.